Design for Ƙirƙirar (DFM) shi ne bambanci tsakanin wani karfe hatimin sashi wanda farashin $0.12 a 100% yawan amfanin ƙasa da kuma wanda farashin $0.38 tare da 12% guntu kudi. A cikin madaidaicin tambarin ƙarfe, yanke shawarar ƙira da aka yanke a matakin CAD ta hanyar kowane tsari na ƙasa - farashin kayan aiki, amfani da kayan aiki, saurin latsawa, ayyukan sakandare, da ƙarshe farashin kowane yanki.
Wannan jagorar ƙira na ƙarfe tambarin ƙarfe yana lalata shekaru 20+ na ƙwarewar samarwa cikin ƙa'idodin DFM masu aiki. Ko kuna ƙirar bas ɗin bus don fakitin baturi EV, maƙallan don tsarin hawan hasken rana, ko lambobin haɗin haɗin don kayan aikin mota, ƙa'idodin da ke ƙasa za su taimaka muku rage farashi, haɓaka inganci, da haɓaka samarwa lokaci-zuwa-sauri.
At MetalStampingParts.ltd, injiniyoyinmu na aikace-aikacen suna duba sama da sabbin sassa 400 kowace shekara. Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da DFM da muke fuskanta - kuma waɗanda wannan jagorar ke magana - su ne: juriya mai tsanani akan wuraren da ba aiki ba, wuraren ramukan da ke kusa da lanƙwasa layi, kusurwoyi masu kaifi na ciki waɗanda ke haifar da tashin hankali, da ƙayyadaddun kayan da ke yin watsi da tasirin jagorancin hatsi.
1. Zaɓin Kayan Kaya don Abubuwan Tambari
Zaɓin kayan abu shine shawarar DFM mafi girma guda ɗaya. Abun da ba daidai ba yana iya ninka farashin kayan aiki, ƙimar yatsa sau uku, ko haifar da lalacewa da wuri. Abubuwan da suka dace suna daidaita tsari, ƙarfi, ɗawainiya, juriya na lalata, da farashi.
1.1 gama gari farantin karfe Materials for bugawa
| Material Grade | Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfafa (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Dangi Cost | Mafi kyawun Aikace-aikace |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRS DC01 (Cold Rolled) | 270-410 | 28-32 | 1.0x (baseline) | Baƙaƙe na gabaɗaya, shinge, sassan da ba kayan kwalliya ba |
| CRS DC04 (Zurfi Zane) | 270-350 | 36-40 | 1.1x | Kofuna masu zurfi da aka zana, sassan jikin mota |
| Bakin 304 | 515-720 | 40-45 | 3.5x | Matsayin abinci, likitanci, ruwa, mai jure lalata |
| Bakin Bakin 316L | 485-690 | 40-45 | 5.0x | Chemical, bakin teku, dasa-sa |
| Aluminum 5052-H32 | 210-260 | 10-12 | 1.8x | Wurare masu nauyi, magudanar zafi |
| Aluminum 6061-T6 | 290-310 | 10-12 | 2.0x | Tsarin tsarin, Aerospace |
| Copper C11000 (ETP) | 220-310 | 30-45 | 4.5x | Electrical basbars, tashoshi, lambobin sadarwa |
| Brass C26000 (Cartridge) | 300-470 | 23-40 | 3.8x | Ado, ƙananan gogayya, harsashi |
| HSLA Karfe S355MC | 430-550 | 19-23 | 1.3x | Tsarin motoci, madaidaicin madauri mai ƙarfi |
| Spring Karfe C75S | 650-900 | 8-12 | 2.0x | Shirye-shiryen bazara, riƙon zobba, fasalin karyewa |
1.2 Jagoran hatsi da Anisotropy
Ƙarfin takarda ba isotropic ba - yana nuna hali daban-daban tare da jujjuyawar juzu'i. Mahimman dokoki:
- Layin lanƙwasa yakamata ya kasance daidai da hanyar hatsi duk lokacin da zai yiwu. Lankwasawa daidai da hatsi yana ƙara haɗarin fashewa da kashi 40-60% a cikin kayan ƙarfi masu ƙarfi.
- radius mafi ƙarancin lanƙwasa daidai da hatsi shine yawanci 1.5-2.0 × mafi ƙarancin hatsi.
- kofuna masu zurfin zana suna nuna ƙarar - tsayin gefen da bai dace ba wanda planar anisotropy ya haifar. Bada 3-5% ƙarin kayan datsa lokacin da ake sa ran samun kuɗi (na kowa a cikin aluminum 3003 da 5052).
2.
2.1 Mafi qarancin lanƙwasa Radius ta Material
| Material | Mafi ƙarancin Ciki Radius (a tsaye ga hatsi) | Mafi qarancin Ciki Radius (daidai da hatsi) |
|---|---|---|
| CRS DC01 (t ≤ 2.0mm) | 0.5t | 1.0t |
| CRS DC01 (t> 2.0mm) | 0.8t | 1.5t |
| Bakin 304 (t ≤ 1.5mm) | 1.0t | 2.0t |
| Bakin Karfe 30.5mm | 1.5t | 2.5t |
| Aluminum 5052-H32 | 1.0t | 2.0t |
| Aluminum 6061-T6 | 2.0t | 3.0t |
| Copper C11000 (rabin-hard) | 0.5t | 1.0t |
| Brass C26000 (rabi mai wuya) | 0.5t | 1.0t |
t = kayan kauri
2.2 Lanƙwasa Taimako da Tsare Tsara
Lokacin zayyana sassa masu hatimi tare da lanƙwasa:
- Lanƙwasawa notches na taimako ana buƙatar inda layin lanƙwasa ke tsaka da gefuna. Ba tare da annashuwa ba, hawaye na kayan abu a mahadar-gefe. Mafi ƙarancin nisa = kauri na abu + 0.5mm; zurfin = lanƙwasa radius + kauri abu.
- Lanƙwasa cirewa da K-factor: Don 90 ° lanƙwasa, K-factor yawanci jeri daga 0.33 (m radius). Shawarar daidaitattun mu: K = 0.40 don CRS, K = 0.42 don bakin karfe, K = 0.38 don aluminum.
- Mafi ƙarancin flange tsayi: 4× kauri. Ba za a iya samar da gajerun flanges masu dogaro ba tare da kayan aiki na musamman ba.
3. Ramuka da Ka'idoji
3.1 Mafi qarancin Nisa daga Hole zuwa Edge
| Kaurin Abu | Min. Hole-to-Edge Distance (ramin zagaye) | Min. Ramin-zuwa-Baƙi (rectangular) |
|---|---|---|
| t ≤ 1.0mm | 1.5t | 2.0t |
| 1.0mm <t ≤ 3.0mm | 2.0t | 2.5t |
| t> 3.0mm | 2.5t | 3.0t |
3.2 Mafi ƙarancin Nisa daga Hole zuwa Lanƙwasa
| Material | Diamita Hole ≤ 5mm | Ramin Diamita> 5mm |
|---|---|---|
| CRS | 2.0t + R | 2.5t + R |
| Bakin | 2.5t + R | 3.0t + R |
| Aluminum | 2.0t + R | 2.5t + R |
R = ciki lanƙwasa radius
Ramukan da aka sanya kusa da waɗannan nisa za su karkata yayin ƙirƙirar - suna iya shimfiɗawa, bazuwa, ko haɓaka tsagewar gefe. Idan rami dole ne ya kasance kusa da layin lanƙwasa, la'akari: (a) huda bayan an kafa shi azaman aiki na biyu, (b) ƙara rami ko ƙima don warware ramin daga yankin nakasar lanƙwasa, ko (c) ƙara haƙurin ramin diamita don ɗaukar murdiya.
3.3 Mafi qarancin Ramin Diamita
| Kaurin Abu | Daidaitaccen Kayan aiki | Daidaitaccen Kayan aiki |
|---|---|---|
| t ≤ 1.0mm | 1.0t | 0.8t |
| 1.0mm <t ≤ 3.0mm | 1.2t | 1.0t |
| t> 3.0mm | 1.5t | 1.2t |
Ramuka karami fiye da 1.0 × abu kauri. Yi tsammanin raguwar rayuwar naushi na 3-5 × idan aka kwatanta da daidaitattun diamita na rami.
4. Haƙuri Haƙuri Sharuɗɗa
4.1 Achievable Tolerances by Tsari
| Tsari | Daidaitaccen Hakuri | Haƙuri Daidaitawa | Ultra-daidaici |
|---|---|---|---|
| Blanking (≤ 100mm) | ± 0.08mm | ± 0.05mm | ± 0.02mm |
| Blanking (> 100mm) | ± 0.12mm | ± 0.08mm | ± 0.05mm |
| Lankwasawa (kwana) | ±1.0° | ±0.5° | ±0.25° |
| Lankwasawa (mai layi) | ±0.15mm | ± 0.10mm | ± 0.05mm |
| Zane mai zurfi (diamita) | ±0.15mm | ± 0.08mm | ± 0.05mm |
| Zane mai zurfi (tsawo) | ± 0.25mm | ±0.15mm | ± 0.08mm |
| Ramin-zuwa-rami nesa ta tsakiya | ± 0.05mm | ± 0.03mm | ± 0.02mm |
| Flatness (kowace 100mm) | 0.15mm | 0.10mm | 0.05mm |
Doka: Ƙayyade mafi ƙarancin haƙuri wanda har yanzu ya cika buƙatun aiki. Tsayar da juriya daga ± 0.08mm zuwa ± 0.05mm na iya haɓaka farashin masana'anta ta 25-50% saboda saurin saurin latsawa, ƙarin kiyayewar mutuwa akai-akai, da nauyin dubawa mafi girma.
4.2 Datum da GD&T Mafi Kyawun Ayyuka
- Yi amfani da datums waɗanda suke samuwa don duba kayan aiki - guje wa ƙayyadaddun bayanai akan sassauƙa, fasali da aka kafa.
- Haƙurin bayanin martaba an fi so akan jurewar layi don ƙaƙƙarfan kwane-kwane - suna ba da ƙarin cikakken kwatancen bambancin izini.
- Kada ku jure kowane girma daban-daban - yawan-girma yana haifar da buƙatu masu karo da juna kuma yana haɓaka farashi ba tare da haɓaka inganci ba.
- Ƙayyade ma'auni mai mahimmanci-to-aiki (CTF) kawai - yawanci 5-15% na duk girma akan zane.
5. ja mai zurfi bugawa Design Guidelines
Zane mai zurfi yana canza ƙarfe mai lebur zuwa fashe, silindi, ko abubuwan da aka siffa ta akwatin. Yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙalubalanci matakai na tambari don ƙira saboda kwararar kayan, ɓarkewa, da wrinkling duk dole ne a sarrafa su lokaci guda.
5.1 Zana Iyakar Ratio
| Material | Matsakaicin Zana Ratio (Zana Guda) | Matsakaicin Zana Ratio (tare da Redraws) |
|---|---|---|
| CRS DC04 | 2.0:1 | 3.5:1 |
| Bakin 304 | 1.8:1 | 3.0:1 |
| Aluminum 5052-O | 1.8:1 | 3.2:1 |
| Copper C11000 | 2.1:1 | 4.0:1 |
| Brass C26000 | 2.0:1 | 3.5:1 |
Rabo Rabo = diamita mara kyau / diamita na naushi. Ƙimomin suna ɗaukar mafi kyawun izinin mutu, mai mai, da ƙarfin mariƙin mara komai.
5.2 Ikon Kaurin bango
A lokacin zane mai zurfi, kaurin bango ya bambanta da tsinkaya:
- saman bango: Kusa da kauri mara tushe na asali (ƙanƙarar bakin ciki)
- Tsakar bango: 5-15% bakin ciki (miƙewa a ƙarƙashin nauyi mai ƙarfi)
- Kusurwar ƙasa (radiyon naushi): Har zuwa 20% bakin ciki - wannan shine yankin gazawa mai mahimmanci
- Yankin Flange: Zai iya yin kauri 10-20% saboda matsi
Ƙayyade ƙaramin kauri na bango maimakon ƙididdigewa - wannan yana nuna yadda sassan da aka zana a zahiri ke nuna hali.
5.3 Babban Zurfin Zane na yau da kullun da Maganin DFM
| Lalacewa | Tushen Tushen | Magani DFM |
|---|---|---|
| Wrinkling a flange | Rashin isassun ƙarfin mariƙin komai; | Ƙara BHF; rage zana rabo; ƙara zana beads |
| Wrinkling a bango | Tsare-tsare yayi girma; abu ma bakin ciki | Rage izinin mutuwa zuwa 1.1-1.2t; Yi amfani da blank mai kauri |
| Karya a punch radius | Zane rabo yayi girma; rashin isasshen lubrication; Punch radius yayi kankanta | Rage zane rabo; ƙara naushi radius zuwa 4-8t; inganta lubrication |
| Earing (mara daidaituwa) | Planar anisotropy (sakamakon jagora) | Bada 3-5% datsa hannun jari; Ƙayyade iyakar kunne (< 3% na tsayin kofin) |
| Orange kwasfa surface | Girman hatsi yayi girma sosai (ASTM> 6) | Ƙayyade kayan hatsi mai kyau (ASTM 7-9) don saman kayan kwalliya |
| Springback bayan zana | Na roba farfadowa a high-karfi kayan | Ƙarfafa ramuwa a cikin kayan aiki; damuwa-taimakon anneal tsakanin zana |
6. Dabarun Haɓaka Kuɗi
6.1 Direbobin Kudin Kayan aiki
| Factor | Tasiri kan Kayan aiki Cost | Rage |
|---|---|---|
| Yawan tashoshi a cikin mutuwar ci gaba | +15-25% kowace tasha | Haɓaka fasali; eliminate non-functional holes |
| Tsayayyar haƙuri (± 0.02mm) | +30-60% | Hukunce-hukuncen da ba na CTF ba |
| Carbide vs. kayan aiki karfe abun da ake sakawa | +40-80% | Use carbide only on high-wear stations (> 1M hits) |
| Complex forming (multi) bends | +25-50% | Sauƙaƙe lissafi; Rarraba zuwa ƙananan sassa idan m |
| Ƙananan ramuka (< 1 × kauri kayan abu) | +15-25% | Increase hole diameter if function permits |
6.2 Per-Piece Costing Institution
| Dabaru | Rage Yawan Kuɗi | Risk |
|---|---|---|
| Inganta shimfidar tsiri (wuri) | 8-15% | Babu - kawai ilimin lissafi |
| Haɓaka saurin latsawa (fadi mai saurin taga) | 10-20% | Yana iya ƙara girman bambance-bambancen |
| Sauya kayan abu (misali, CRS → HSLA tare da ma'auni na bakin ciki) | 15-30% | Dole ne ingantacciyar tsari da ƙarfi |
| Kawar da ayyukan sakandare (haɗa in-die) | 5-15% kowace kawar op | Mutuwar haɓaka yana ƙaruwa; Farashin kayan aiki mafi girma |
| Ƙara girman tsari | 5-12% (amortization saitin) | farashi mai ɗaukar kaya |
6.3 Tsari Tsari da Amfani da Kaya
Farashin kayan aiki yawanci yana wakiltar 40-60% na jimlar farashin ɓangaren a cikin babban tambari. Inganta shimfidar wuri - yadda aka sanya sassa akan coil - shine mafi girman ayyukan ROI DFM.
- Hanya ɗaya-ɗaya vs. shimfiɗar sama biyu: Tsarin layi na biyu (jere biyu) zai iya ƙara yawan amfani da kayan aiki daga 65% zuwa 78% akan sassa masu ma'ana, rage farashin kayan da 17%.
- Ɗaukar faɗin gidan yanar gizo: Tsakanin 1.5t da 3.0t dangane da ƙarfin kayan aiki da hadaddun fasalin. Wuraren kunkuntar yanar gizo suna adana abu amma gazawar mai ɗaukar kaya yayin ci gaba.
- Ƙimar rage girman ɓata: <15% don sauƙaƙan blanks, <25% don sassan ci gaba masu rikitarwa.
7. Ƙarshen Sama da Yanayin Edge
7.1 Bayanin Burr
Burrs sakamako ne da babu makawa na tsarin shearing. Ya kamata ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun DFM su yarda da wannan kuma su ayyana tsayin burr karɓuwa:
| Aikace-aikacen | Maximum Burr Height | Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Gabaɗaya masana'antu | 0.10mm ko 10% na kauri | ISO 13715 |
| Lambobin Wutar Lantarki | 0.03mm | Ciki |
| Na'urorin likitanci | 0.01mm | ISO 13485 |
| Amintaccen Motoci-Mahimmanci | 0.05mm | IATF 16949 |
Burr shugabanci ya kamata kuma a kayyade - a ci gaba ya mutu, burrs ta halitta form a kan mutu gefe. Idan ana buƙatar gefuna marasa busa a ɓangarorin biyu, ƙididdige aikin aske ko cirewa.
7.2 Ƙarshen Surface (Ra) ta Tsari
| Tsari | Ra (µm) | Bayanan kula |
|---|---|---|
| As-tambarin | 1.6-3.2 | Standard for non-cosmetic sassa |
| Ƙwararren Ƙwararren | 0.4-0.8 | M, lebur, aiki-taurare surface |
| Vibratory deburred | 1.0-2.0 | Zagaye gefuna, uniform matte gama |
| Electropolished (bakin) | 0.1-0.4 | Mirror gama; passivates surface |
| Post-stamp plating | Ya dogara da substrate | Plating yana cika ƙananan lahani na saman. |
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
Menene kuskuren DFM na yau da kullun a ƙirar ɓangaren hatimi?
Kuskuren da aka fi sani da shi shine ƙayyadaddun juriya waɗanda suka fi tsayi fiye da tsari na iya dogaro da ƙarfi a saurin samarwa. Muna ganin zane tare da ± 0.02mm akan saman kayan kwalliya marasa aiki, ko ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun 0.05mm / 100mm akan sassan ma'auni na bakin ciki waɗanda ba makawa za su ɓata bayan ƙirƙirar. Gyaran: haɗa injiniyoyin aikace-aikacen stamper ɗinku yayin lokacin ƙira kuma ku nemi bitar ikon haƙuri kafin daskare zane.
Ta yaya zan zabi tsakanin ci gaba mataki mutu, canja wuri da kayan aiki mutu?
Mutuwar ci gaba shine mafi kyau ga adadin shekara-shekara sama da guda 500,000 tare da girman ɓangaren ƙasa da 400mm. Canja wurin mutu ya dace da matsakaicin juzu'i (100,000-500,000 / shekara) ko manyan sassa. Matakin (bugu ɗaya) kayan aiki don ƙananan ƙididdigewa ne (ƙasa da 50,000 / shekara), ƙirar ƙira, ko manyan sassa waɗanda ba za a iya rage farashin kayan aiki na ci gaba ba. Hutu-ko da tsakanin ci gaba da canja wuri kusan guda 300,000-500,000 ya danganta da hadadden sashi.
Menene mafi ƙarancin tazara tsakanin ramuka biyu a cikin ɓangaren hatimi?
Mafi ƙarancin nisa tsakanin ramuka biyu shine kauri na 2 × don daidaitaccen kayan aiki da kauri na 1.5 × tare da kayan aiki daidaitaccen jagora. Matsakaicin tazara yana haifar da haɗarin yanar gizo na abu tsakanin ramukan ruɗe ko lalacewa yayin huda. Don ramukan diamita daban-daban, yi amfani da diamita mafi girma don ƙididdige mafi ƙarancin tazara.
Za ku iya tambarin zaren kai tsaye ko kuna buƙatar bugun sakandare?
Ba za a iya samar da zaren ta hanyar tambari na al'ada kadai ba - tsarin sassauya ba zai iya ƙirƙirar lissafi na helical ba. Duk da haka, da dama in-mutu zažužžukan wanzu: (a) kai-clinching fasteners (PEM kwayoyi, studs) za a iya shigar a cikin ci gaba mutu, (b) thread-forming sukurori za a iya amfani da idan ramin extruded (extruded rami yana samar da 2-3 × abu kauri ga thread alkawari), da kuma (c) kwarara hakowa halitta bushing da za a iya tapped a-die. Idan ana buƙatar ramin da aka taɓa ta, ƙididdige ramin extruded tare da bugun hatimi - wannan ya fi ƙarfin walƙiya fiye da walda goro.
Ta yaya alkiblar kayan abu ke shafar ƙirar ɓangarena?
Jagoran hatsi yana rinjayar tsari, lanƙwasa iyakokin radius, da kwanciyar hankali. Lokacin da kuka lanƙwasa a layi daya zuwa jagorar birgima, filaye na waje suna iya fashewa saboda iyakokin hatsi masu tsayi suna aiki azaman abubuwan damuwa. Don lanƙwasawa mai mahimmanci, koyaushe suna karkata layin lanƙwasa daidai gwargwado zuwa alkiblar hatsi. A kan sassan da aka zana, jagorar hatsi yana haifar da tarawa - ba da izinin ƙarin datsa hannun jari ko ƙididdige matsakaicin matsakaicin kaso. A kan sassa masu lebur waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin hawan keken zafi, canjin girma shine 10-20% mafi girman daidai da hatsi fiye da daidai gwargwado.
Menene alakar dake tsakanin saurin hatimi da daidaiton girma?
Matsakaicin saurin hatimi yana haifar da ƙarin zafi (dumama adiabatic a cikin yanki mai ƙarfi), ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfi akan kayan aiki, da rage lokacin da ake samu don abu don gudana yayin ƙirƙirar. Don madaidaicin sassa tare da jurewar ± 0.05mm, saurin latsa yawanci iyakance zuwa 60-120 SPM. Don sassan juriya na gaba ɗaya (± 0.15mm ko sako-sako), ana iya samun saurin 200-400 SPM. Matsalolin da ke tukawa na Servo na iya kiyaye jure juriya a cikin maɗaukakin gudu ta hanyar sarrafa saurin rago ta ɓangaren aiki na bugun jini - tsammanin 15-25% maɗaukakin ƙimar Cpk a daidai saurin sauri idan aka kwatanta da na'urorin injin.
Ta yaya zan tsara sassan da za a yi walda bayan tambari?
Post-tamba waldi ya gabatar da uku DFM la'akari: (a) samar da m weld saman - lebur, mai tsabta yankunan a kalla 3 × abu kauri fadi da juriya tabo waldi lantarki, (b) saka tighter flatness a cikin weld zone - gibi a kan 0.2mm, rage da kuma tabo Weld quality a yankin na aikin, da kuma kauce wa welding projection. tin, zinc, da nickel plating suna samar da porosity da hayaki yayin walda. Yi amfani da platin zaɓi ko rufe wurin walda. Don waldawar MIG/TIG, saka 60° bevel akan gefuna masu kauri fiye da 3mm kuma kauce wa kusurwoyin ciki masu kaifi waɗanda ke haifar da yawan damuwa a yankin da zafi ya shafa.
Matakai na gaba: Fara Bita na DFM
Kowane ɓangaren ƙira mai hatimi yana fa'ida daga gogaggun bita na DFM kafin a yanke ƙarfe kayan aiki. Teamungiyar injiniyan aikace-aikacen mu tana ba da free DFM feedback akan fayilolin CAD ɗinku (MATSAYI, IGES, DWG, DXF, ko PDF) - yawanci a cikin sa'o'i 24-48.
Abin da za ku karɓa:
- ƙimar yuwuwar haƙuri - wanda tolerances ne samar da iyawa da kuma wanda zai iya fitar da farashi ko guntun
- Material madadin - ƙananan farashi ko zaɓuɓɓukan aiki mafi girma tare da bincike-bincike na ciniki
- Manufar kayan aiki - ci gaba vs. canja wuri mutu vs. farashin shawarwarin tare da kimantawa mataki shawarwarin tare da kimantawa mataki shawarwarin.
- Piece-price qiyasi - a cikin ƙididdiga na shekara-shekara, rushewa ta hanyar abu, sarrafawa, ƙarewa, da ayyukan sakandare
- Hasashen lokacin jagora - daga mutu zane zuwa farko-article yarda
Ma'auni farashin masana'antar bugawa abu ne mai sauƙi: kowane $1 da aka kashe akan ingantawa na DFM da haɓaka $8- $5 a cikin kayan aikin ƙira $5 rarrabuwar kawuna akan rayuwar shirin.
→ Ƙaddamar da Ƙirar ku don Bita na DFM
→ Zazzage Jerin Binciken Mu bugawa DFM (PDF)
Last updated: Mayu 2026. Design jagororin ne general shawarwari - karshe sigogi dogara a kan takamaiman lissafi, abu, girma, da kuma ingancin bukatun. Koyaushe tuntuɓi ƙungiyar injiniyoyin stamper a lokacin ƙirar ƙira.